Medieval heralds were messengers who prominently displayed their masters' insignia on their coats to be easily recognized in battle. Because they also helped to identify fallen warriors and organize tournaments, they became knowledgeable about--and gave their name to--the elaborate system of armorial symbols known as heraldry. In England, their expertise was recognized in 1483, when they were incorporated as the Heralds' College, charged with overseeing the use of coats of arms. At about the same time tabards, open-sided overgarments, went out of general use and became fossilized as the ceremonial dress of heralds, still used in Britain today. This tabard is appliquéd with embroidered motifs forming the coat of arms of Queen Anne (reigned 1702-14): the three lions of England and the lion rampant of Scotland quartered with the harp of Ireland and the fleurs-de-lis of France, then claimed by England. The Scottish symbol dates the tabard after 1707, when the parliaments of Scotland and England were combined to form the Parliament of Great Britain. H. Kristina Haugland, from Philadelphia Museum of Art: Handbook of the Collections (1995), p. 85.